Addressing legal issues with the latest technological developments and social media trends.
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On April 8, 2010, Zynga sued Playerauctions.com for operating a website that provides an unauthorized “Secondary Market” for enabling Zynga game users to post and sell “Virtual Currency” and “Virtual Goods” allegedly in violation of Zynga’s Terms of Service. According to Zynga, its Terms of Service prohibits users from selling “Virtual Currency” or “Virtual Goods” for real-world money or anything of value outside of its games.

A recent version of the Zynga Terms of Service states:

The Service may include a virtual, in-game currency (“Virtual Currency”) including, but not limited to coins, cash, or points, that may be purchased from Zynga for “real world” money if you are a legal adult in your country of residence. The Service may also include virtual, in-game digital items (“Virtual Goods”) that may be purchased from Zynga for “real world” money or for Virtual Currency. Regardless of the terminology used, Virtual Currency and Virtual Goods may never be redeemed for “real world” money, goods or other items of monetary value from Zynga or any other party.

It further states:

Transfers of Virtual Currencies and Virtual Goods are strictly prohibited except where explicitly authorized within the Service. Outside of the game, you may not buy or sell any Virtual Currency or Virtual Goods for “real world” money or otherwise exchange items for value. Any attempt to do so is in violation of these Terms and may result in a lifetime ban from Zynga Service and possible legal action.

Zynga alleges that the Playerauctions.com has committed copyright and trademark infringement (along with false designation of origin, unfair competition and other claims) by displaying and/reproducing images and code from the games and using various Zynga trademarks with authorization.

The Complaint identifies unlawful sales in connection with Zynga’s Poker, Mafia Wars and FarmVille games. A recent review of the Playerauctions.com site showed over 750 Mafia Wars related items alone available for sale ranging in unit price from 25 cents to $900 and 84 entire “accounts” for sale ranging in asking price from $30 to $5,000 with one listed at a whopping $492,000!

Interestingly, Zynga does not specifically allege impropriety with or seek to prevent the outright sale of accounts.

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Florida A&M University (FAMU) recently filed a law suit against the maker of a porn video that depicted multiple individuals engaging in sexual acts in a setting that allegedly represented a dorm room on the FAMU campus. FAMU claims that such association constitutes false or misleading descriptions and misrepresentations under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), federal trademark dilution under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c), disparagement and injury to business reputation and trademark dilution under Florida Statute § 495.151(2009), and common law trademark infringement under Florida law.

Although this suit does not relate directly to virtual worlds, we are writing about it because this type of fact pattern commonly occurs in virtual worlds where famous brands are used in seedy portions of virtual worlds. Like this case, such uses can be actionable to prevent brand disparagement and tarnishment and other harms.

FAMU claiims that the defendant used FAMU’s trademarks in the registered mark “FAMU”, its tradename, “Rattlers,” and its orange and green color scheme, which was chosen to represent Florida’s major industry (citrus). FAMU alleges that it has produced and sold merchandise bearing the “FAMU” mark since 1953 and the “Rattlers” mark since 1985.

The Complaint alleges that Defendant RK operates the website “daredorm.com,” which depicts individuals engaging in sexually explicit activities in what appears to be dorm rooms at various college campuses throughout the United States and charges a fee to internet consumers who wish to view the videos depicted on its “daredorm.com” website.

The Complaint alleges that on or about March 1, 2010, RK posted a full-length video entitled “BigRattler77” on its “daredorm.com” website depicting no less than eight (8) individuals engaging in multiple acts of sexual intercourse in what is intended to appear to be a FAMU dorm room, that the video contains several visual depictions of and oral references to the FAMU and “Rattlers” marks and depicts the orange and green color scheme in connection with the “FAMU” and “Rattlers” marks. The Complaint further alleges that the caption for the “BigRattler77″ video states that it was filmed ‘at a historically black college in Florida” and that the individuals were FAMU students and contains derogatory and highly offensive racial innuendo and visual depictions of gang signs purportedly associated with FAMU.

FAMU complains that “BigRattler77” is a transparent attempt to trade on the good name and identity of Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University and its marks by wrongly insinuating that its students routinely engage in the debasing and degrading behavior depicted therein, that it is likely to deceive, confuse and mislead prospective purchasers and viewers of the video into believing that the video was produced, authorized or is in some manner associated with FAMU.

FAMU seeks a preliminary and permanent injunction to prevent such use.

The caption of the case is Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University Board of Trustees v. RK Netmedia Inc. et al., No. 10-0100, complaint filed (N.D. Fla., Tallahassee Div. Mar. 16, 2010).

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On April 28, 2010, a social game developer Crowdstar sued Wonderhill for copyright infringement based on similarities between Wonderhill’s “Aquarium Life” and Crowdstar’s “Happy Aquarium”. While copyright does not protect ideas (such as the idea for a fish-based game) it does protect expression of the idea. If this case should make it to court, it will provide an interesting test case for game developers that have developed social games that have been “cloned,” which tends to be quite common in the space.

Happy Aquarium is generally acknowledged as one of the first, if not the original, fish care-based social games. Happy Aquarium and Aquarium Life are not the only aquarium games. But in its complaint, Crowdstar alleges an especially high level of correspondence in the user interface, game play and other features between Happy Aquarium and Aquarium Life as being the impetus for the suit.

Starting with a relatively obscure game from 1 year old Wonderhill may increase the potential for a quick settlement. But is this a one off lawsuit or is Crowdstar chasing a minnow while it waits for a bigger fish to fry? Check back and we will keep you updated.

One interesting aspect of the complaint relates to the relief sought – or more accurately what is not sought. In the U.S., statutory damages of up to $150,000 per infringement, the potential for recovery of legal costs and attorneys’ fees, and certain legal presumptions regarding ownership and validity are available to a copyright holder for works that were timely registered with the Copyright Office. These benefits are typically available for works that were registered prior to infringement or within three months of first publication. It is notable that the Crowdstar copyright registration at issue was only recently registered (registration no. TX 7-117-794, registered March 25, 2010), while Happy Aquarium itself was published in September, 2009. Perhaps as a result of this, the relief sought by Crowdstar does not include statutory damages or recovery of legal costs and attorneys’ fees.

But, regardless of the result here, there can be no doubt that a game developer’s leverage over a clone can be increased significantly with a timely copyright registration For more on this topic see our advisory on the benefits of timely filing copyright registrations.

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Three Wire Systems, LLC recently announced its VetAdvisor Virtual Room (VVR) won the U.S. Army Simulation & Training Technology Center’s Federal Virtual Worlds Challenge for best collaboration in a virtual world by a government contractor. The award was presented on the final day of the Defense GameTech Users’ Conference in Orlando on March 31.

Three Wire’s VetAdvisor Virtual Room is an expansion of the successful VetAdvisor Support Program with the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, which offers telehealth and virtual health delivery platforms for veteran mental health care. The program is designed to provide support when and where the veteran chooses, thus supporting the Veteran Centered Medical Home Care Model.

Providing a secure meeting place for veterans and Care Coaches (licensed behavior health professionals) to interact, the VetAdvisor Virtual Room features avatars representing both the veterans and Care Coaches.

This tool is just one of a growing list of virtual world technologies used by government agencies.

Pillsbury’s Virtual Worlds team is proud to assist Three Wire on this and other projects.

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Pillsbury is proud to announce a writing competition on legal issues relating to virtual worlds. Participants can elect to write a paper on a topic within one of the categories listed in the document attached. The papers must be submitted by June 30, 2010 and will be judged by members of Pillsbury’s Virtual Worlds team. Judges will select a best paper in each of the five categories, including a best overall paper. The best overall paper will be awarded $2000. The best paper in each of the other categories will be awarded $500. Winning and other notable papers will be recognized right here on our Virtual World Law blog.

Please see additional details and rules and regulations here: Virtual Worlds Writing Competition.pdf.

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Worlds.com has reportedly settled its patent infringement lawsuit with NCsoft. The terms remain confidential and as of this morning neither company has a press release on its website. Worlds.com filed the suit on Christmas eve in 2008 after rattling its patent saber months earlier. To some, it is surprising the case lasted this long, due to the extensive amount of prior art that surfaced after the suit was announced.

In March 2009, Worlds.com CEO Tom Kidrin also boldly proclaimed that if the litigation was successful it would also sue other industry leaders. If Kidrin remains true to his word, we will likely know soon if they deemed the litigation successful.

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In what will be the first such case heard by the Supreme Court, the highest court in the land will address in its October term whether a California state law that bans the sale and rental of violent video games to minors runs afoul of the First Amendment right to free speech and the Fourteenth Amendment protections. A petition for certiorari was filed by the State of California after the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals nixed the law as being unconstitutional.

At issue are California Civil Code Sections 1746-1746.5, which if enacted, would have imposed restrictions and labeling requirements on the sale of “violent” video games to kids under 18. According to the statute “Violent video game” means a video game in which the range of options available to a player includes killing, maiming, dismembering, or sexually assaulting an image of a human being (subject to certain limitations). On December 21, 2005, Judge Ronald Whyte ruled the law unconstitutional, preventing it from going into effect, as scheduled, on January 1, 2006. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit also declared the law unconstitutional.

The case is Schwarzenegger v. Video Software Dealers Association (08-1448).

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In what turned out to be an April Fool’s prank, Gamestation modified its Terms of Service to include a provision that required users to sell their soul to Gamestation before they could make any online purchase. Pretty amazing prank! What’s more amazing is that nearly 90% of the users agreed! One can only speculate as to whether these user’s didn’t care about their souls or didn’t read the Terms of Service. But it is likely a safe bet that many didn’t bother to read the terms.

Gamestation of course announced the prank and stated that it does not intend to enforce the so called “immortal soul” provision. So these users got off easy. But such may not be the case if there was a real dispute. As Blizzard demonstrated when it successfully sued MDY (for use of a bot that helped users level up in World of Warcraft without actually playing, the Terms of Service can be outcome determinative in the event of a real legal dispute.

All pranks aside, it is critical for Virtual World and Online game companies to protect themselves and users through effective Terms of Service. It is also important for users, and businesses operating in these online spaces to understand the terms.

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This article from Slate.com provides an interesting discussion regarding the applicability of virtual worlds and MMORPGs to economics research. One of the things the article points out is that research in the real world must handle inevitable data loss – making calculations like GDP the result of estimates and approximations – while every transaction in a virtual world is tracked without error. Although some researchers are skeptical about the ability of virtual world economies to mirror the real world, the point of the article is that research tools like rat mazes and petri dishes don’t model the real world, either. What those tools provide are environments where basic principles of a given activity can be examined, so those general principles can be extrapolated and applied to the real world. Virtual worlds have an additional advantage for researchers and policymakers – the “laws” in the form of the terms of service and the general rules of the world, are both more simplistic than the real world and more malleable – making them a research tool for the intersection of law and economics, as well.

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Last Monday’s Washington Post article talking about making money by coding and selling Second Life products doesn’t provide any surprises for anyone familiar with virtual worlds. The most interesting thing about it was its placement – the front page. When articles about virtual worlds and gaming have historically been relegated to the Style section or some other back page, this article, which talked about a guy who sells virtual rain and “markets snow, clocks, University of Maryland basketball T-shirts, Duke basketball T-shirts (grudgingly), two-story Tudor-style homes, pinup posters from the 1930s and the sounds of barking dogs” in his spare time, made headlines. Although the article glosses over the learning curve associated with producing virtual goods, articles like this can lead to an upsurge in public attention to and adoption of virtual worlds.